Breast cancer is the world’s most common cancer in women, affecting over 2.3 million globally in 2024 with 685,000 deaths (WHO). Subtypes vary widely: non-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has a strong prognosis, while invasive forms like triple-negative breast cancer are aggressive. Etrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors, responsive to hormonal therapy, are more treatable, whereas strogen receptor-negative (ER-) subtypes are harder to manage. Socioeconomic factors, particularly education level, influence risk for specific subtypes.

Key risk factors include genetics (e.g., BRCA mutations), hormonal changes, late first pregnancy and lifestyle choices. A major study of 311,000 women in the EPIC survey found higher education correlates with a 20% increased risk of ER+ breast cancer, likely due to reproductive patterns (e.g., fewer births, later pregnancies) and higher screening participation. Symptoms like breast lumps or skin changes require early detection: localized cancer has a 99% 5-year survival rate, versus 28% for metastatic cases.

Biomarkers (ER, PR, HER2) guide treatment: ER+/HER2+ tumors use targeted therapies, while triple-negative cases rely on chemotherapy. Screening tools like mammography and MRI are critical, with educated women more likely to access early detection. Prevention focuses on modifiable risks (exercise, limited alcohol, breastfeeding) and high-risk interventions like chemoprevention. Socioeconomic equity in healthcare and education is vital to address disparities.

Breast cancer’s complexity demands integrated strategies: early screening, personalized medicine and public health measures. The link between education and ER+ subtypes highlights how social factors interact with biology. Prioritizing equitable access to care, risk education and supportive policies may reduce disparities and improve outcomes, ensuring no woman’s survival depends on her background.